Keywords: Graded Inequality, Dindi, Jajmani System, Caste System, Varna System, Purity and Pollution, Endogamy
University of Delhi
Bachelor of Arts
Sociology of India
Reading to be Covered: Zelliot, Eleanor, 2004, Caste in Contemporary India, in, Robert Rinehart (ed.) Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, pp. 243-271
243
Caste system found among all religions in India, including religion in
which the caste system is not sanctioned by the scripture/ text, like
Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, etc.
Only tribal people are totally outside the system. The tribal people are
outside the caste system because they were not part of the Hindu social order.
The tribal of India is mainly worshipping the nature and ancestor, not the god
and the goddess.
The caste system is graded inequality with a varied but distinct hierarchy
wherever it exists. Therefore Dr Ambedkar has said that “caste is not the division
of labour this is a division of labourer”.
#Understand Labour and Caste by Ambedkar
www.studywithanil.blogspot.com/2020/08/Celebrating-Labour-Day-with-Dr-Ambedkar.html
What is Graded Inequality? View of Dr Ambedkar
Credit: Understanding Graded Inequality of HinduCaste System – Dr Ambedkar’s View | Velivada
Ambedkar differentiates between inequality and graded inequality
of the kind, we have in India due to the caste system. Examples of
inequality is – inequality or slavery faced by the black people in the USA, South
Africa, etc against which the sufferers of inequality, black people, have
revolted against their oppressors and exploiters.
Graded inequality is entirely found only in the Indian
subcontinent and it is the product of the caste system. The very important
characteristic of Graded inequality which differentiates it from pure
inequality is – graded inequality divides the sufferers themselves based on
unequal burden and benefits.
That means under graded inequality, the middle castes (Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, Shudras) are sufferers on one hand and beneficiaries on the other
hand of the graded inequality i.e. caste system. Benefits and burden being
unequal from caste to caste. It is only the highest caste of Brahmins who is
the absolute beneficiary and the lowest castes of Ati-Shudras i.e.
untouchables are absolute sufferers of graded inequality. Graded inequality is
entirely found only in the Indian subcontinent and it is the product of the
caste system.
Origin of the Caste - According to the Classical Text of Brahmin –
Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra took birth from different parts of the body of
Brahmaa.
The caste system is an integral part of the Varna-Ashram-Dharma,
where first three Varna is allowed to initiation ritual (Jeneu Dharan) which
makes them twice-born.
However, the meaning of Varna is “colour” and “covering” (?)
244
Lawbook Manusmriti by Manu has talked about
punishments and obligations were specific to each Verna to control behaviour,
to deal with caste relations, and to make clear the scale of purity and
pollution on which the hierarchy was based.
The classical Hindu texts assigned totally subordinate roles to the
women.
The classical Hindu texts assigned only one role to the Shudra that serves to the highest Varna. Manusmriti, (1:91) says “The Lord assigned only one
activity to a Shudras, serving the highest Vernas.”
The Shudra and Women were not allowed to recite the Vedas.
And if Shudra found to listening to the Veda then the melted lead should be filled
in his ears. They can also be punished in other ways if they found to listening
Veda and Sanskrit text, For example, Lord Rama killed Shambuk because he found performing Tapasya and reading Vedas.
The classical Brahminical texts also offer an explanation for one’s birth
in a certain caste. This means that the current birth of the person is the result of
the Punya or Pap of the previous birth.
244-245
Duties of twice-born caste
Meaning of the Twice Born
Gautama Sutra – Caste and Job
Crime and Punishment was different according to the identity of the
criminal and victim
Origin of Chandal
Law Book and their Impact on the Society
(All above things were explained in the class, however, if you have any
doubt or question or difficult to understand, please feel free to ask, in the
class, or via Email of by commenting in the comment section, available at the
end of the article.)
246
Life of a cow was (and still) more important than the life of an
untouchable. Many people belong from the Scheduled Caste were killed in the
name of the cow.
Manu and Ramayana was from same period > Ram killed Shambuk according
the rule book of Manu > think that what was his crime?
The Varna system itself is still an image of human organization that is
the subject of belief, disbelief. > it receives sanction from Gita.
247
Gandhi’s devotion to the Gita may be the reason for his belief in the Varna
system.
Varna system is also reflecting in today’s ritual and religious ceremony
Varna and Jati
Fourfold Varma System is Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra
The Caste System is different from the Varna System. Every Varna has many
castes which are associated with the particular occupations, and the caste the system is maintained by the endogamy.
The true meaning of Shudra is artisan class those who have some special
skills. Currently, they are counted and recognized as Other Backward Class
(OBC).
The current Scheduled Caste was found under the Panchama or Antyaj, and
largely they were not part of the Hindu Social Order but for some author they
were also part of the Hindu Social Order.
This is the reason that Dr Ambedkar has said that “I am not part of the
part, I am part of apart.”
Therefore Jyotiba Phule use to say Shudra and Ati Shudar who are current
OBCs and SCs.
But the Varna system does not work even as a rough outline of caste all
over India today. The caste is more revelling than the Varna system.
The twice-born cast probably no more than 15 per cent of the population,
and the great majority of people are Shudra, Untouchable, Tribals, Muslim, Sikh,
Jains, Christens, Buddhist etc. Thus they have more political power because
they have more in number
248
How Jati is defined?
The real unit of caste is the Jati and some 4,000 jatis in India.
They are roughly grouped in the Varna scheme. A Jati is usually found in one
language area and is defined by endogamy. Indian caste system and
structure are different in different parts of the country where social
structures are different from other parts of the country.
The Jatis of Maharashtra
In the west-central state of Maharashtra, the three-fold division of
caste holds: Brahmin, Shudra, Untouchable is existing. Here the dominant caste
is Chitapavan Brahmins = “pure from the pyre” or “pure in heart”.
According to the myth – God Parshuram created the Brahmin caste. The physical appearance of the Chitapavan Brahmin is speculated that they were originated
from Turks, Iranians, Egyptians, Greeks, Jews, Berbers
249
Why Chitpavan Brahmin Success? OR Secrete of the success of the
Chitpavan?
Took advantage of
modern English Education during British Raj
Accepted modern
occupation
Accepted modern trade,
business and commerce
They never interred
into the priest as an occupation
Went USA and Europe for
the Modern Education
Also migrated and have
link with their Diaspora
2nd Type of Brahmin Caste in Maharashtra is in Marathi
Speaking area > Deshastha Brahmin > means > who come from the
another parts of the India > mainly they come from the Karnataka
They are divided into two kinds of Brahmin
Rigvedi Brahmin > Follow God Shiva
Yajurvedi Brahmin > Follow God Vishnu
Both
can eat together but have no marital relationship
Largest caste group in Maharashtra is Maratha, who consisting
around 50% of the population. They are landlords, farmers, cultivators,
soldiers, etc. Because the numerical superior so they are very active and
success in the politics. But after a Maharashtrian Brahmin assassinated
Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Brahmin power declines, and Maratha dominated in the
politics until recently.
250
History of Shivaji
Maratha were chieftains and warriors. In 17th century Shivaji
has created a unified territory of Maratha. Shivaji died in 1680
Artisan and Service Caste
They can be found in any classification in the Maharashtra except Brahmin
and in Shudra. They paid very little attention to the Varna system and no one
says that s/he is a Shudra.
Ex-Untouchables in Maharashtra
Outside the Varna system they have the caste hierarchy. The largest
group of Scheduled Caste is Mahar who consists 9% of the total
population. Most of them are following the Ambedkar.
Article 17 of Indian Constitution
251
Now, no caste is fighting for the highest caste status in the society. Everyone
is fighting for the Respect.
(YOU MAY REMEMBER THE SELF RESPECT MOVEMENT – in TAMIL NADU – by
PERIYAR)
#Read-Book on Periyar, Edited by Pramod Ranjan to understand these phenomenon
in better way from here – https://amzn.to/35JxP12
and https://amzn.to/3iizaRx
Many caste also adopted a Sanskritised Name or identity of their
ancestral history to get respect in the society, for example –
The Chambhars have adopted the new Sanskritised Name Chamarkars in
Maharashtra.
The Bhangi have adopted a new Sanskritised Name Valmiki.
Please also note that Chettiyars a trader caste were consider as Shudra
in the caste hierarchy.
And interestingly, all Brahmin caste in Maharashtra is not a priest,
they are not doing priest job.
And after all in Maharashtra, not “servants of all” and just as clearly
not all Brahmin caste are priestly. The complexity of the Maharashtrian scene
can be duplicated in every area in India.
251-252
Origin of the untouchables
This is says that the untouchables were either part of the Aryan Brahmin
OR they brought with them as a servant in India. The three fold system can be
found in the classical Greece.
252
The Theories of Caste
There are many theories of caste are existing, that how caste was
originated? What was the reason of origin of the caste? But no any theory is
acceptable for all. Such as-
Theory of Race by H. H. Risley, (Book: The People of India, 1908) for
him, Aryan race is different from the people who lived in India. It means they
come from outside.
Theories of Purity and Pollution by Louis Dumont, (Book: Homo
Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, Originally Published in
French in 1996, English Edition 1980) for him India have caste hierarchy
because of practice of purity and pollution. Emile Durkheim - Modern father of
Sociology
Hierarchy and Endogamy by Dr. BR Ambedkar, for him somehow accepted the
Brahmical pollution and purity ideas > which insist on marriage
within the group ~ called endogamy > for Ambedkar other groups copied
the Brahmin’s endogamy and > ranked hierarchically according to degree of
pollution.
OBJECTION: THE WRITER
MUST NOT SAY OR CALLED AMBEDKAR BY “UNTOUCHABLE LEADER.” HE WAS LEADER OF THE
NATION. (Listen YouTube Link)
Social Transformation, for some scholars this is social transformation,
> caste were formed when tribal groups entered mainstream society, > clan
> become class > or caste based on access to economic resources.
Theory of Taboo, and Theory of Patriarchy is also another theory
of the caste.
#Read Karl Marx, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the
State. #Find-Book-Here https://amzn.to/39yIRXX
Racial Theory:
This was given by the William Jones, who found that the Aryan people are
fair in colour and their Sanskrit language of the Veda was related closely to
Greek and Latin.
253
The meaning of Aryans means pure or noble. Here by pure they mean
the purity of the blood. And the concept of the purity of blood was reason for
endogamy which was responsible for the caste system in India. Endogamy is
essential and core part of the caste system.
Endogamy was not essential part of the India. We had and still have
system of prohibiting marriage within Gotra. Hope you know the Khap system in
India. Which prevent marriage within the Gotra.
Historian RS Sharma has says that at the later Vedic times sudra
constituted a small servile (slavishness) class of defeated and dispossessed
Aryans and non-Aryans employed in domestic labour.
CLIRIFICATION: FOR MOST OF
THE HISTORIAN, THERE WAS NO VEDIC ERA AT ALL. THIS IS MYTH AND IMAGINORY
THING.
The author is saying that the Indo-European (Aryan) and Dravidian are
both terms of language not race.
OBJECTION AND CLARIFICATION: in India
language and community (identities) are interlinked. Different communities and
castes have their own language. e.g. the name of the tribal community and their
language is same. The language belong form the particular community. Even all
European countries are divided into their distinct different identity and these
identities have heir different language. Hence author’s perception is not
acceptable.
Where did untouchable come from?
They are result of the solid hierarchal caste systems which was emerged
during the 4th century. The main reason was endogamy and those who
married out of their community were out-casted or throw out of the village.
Their children were not given status of either mother or father than they were
called Chandals. And they started doing polluted work.
And later on the term Avarna (without colour), or Panchama, (fifth one),
Asprishya (not to be touch/ untouchable) were emerged for them.
254
The
Nature of Caste
Some work has
made great impact on thinking of caste system in India.
BOOK BY Louis
Dumont, 1966, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications
He seen caste from textual and Brahmnical point of view
and ignored the historical facts
BOOK BY Declan
Quigley, 1993, The Interpretation of Caste (Oxford Studies in Social and
Cultural Anthropology)
Declan Quigley opposed the idea of origin of caste by
Louis Dumont.
Declan Quigley has said the main reason of the origin of
caste is-
Tension between the forces of kingship and the forces of
kinship, which combined create order in society
Which means caste is originated from or based on access to
economic resources, social power and division of labour. Emile Durkheim
#Find-Book by Louis
Dumont, 1966, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, here at
https://amzn.to/39A3D9M
255
BOOK Dipankar
Gupta, 1993, Social Stratification (#Must-Read-Book find this here at https://amzn.to/3nTSIgo )
Critic of GW
Ghurye, McKim Marriot, TN Madan, Andre Beteille are represented in Dipankar
Gupta’s Social Stratification
BOOK Nicholas
Dirk, 2001, Caste of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Link)
(UPSC)
For Nicholas Dirk, kinship system is more responsible for
the caste system than the Brahmin.
REMEMBER Ambedkar has also said same thing in his article
Genesis of Caste (Share Link) 1906
Nicholas Dirk has further said the caste was solidified
during the British Period, because British wanted to categorized and control
their subject.
In the census British classified and listed caste name in
hierarchical order.
British also advertised some post and appeal to those who
doing that work hereditary. (MENTIONED IN 256)
H. H. Risley, in his People of India (1908) presented
comprehensive categorization of Indian people into SEVEN RACES and RACIAL
combinations.
The Caste and Tribe volumes discussed in detail the
origin of caste, racial influence, and influence of occupation and religion,
birth, marriage and death ceremonies, endogamous units, and so on for each of
thousands of castes.
256
Hence we can
say that the British certainly did not “create caste” but they most probably
solidified the nature of the various castes and made the hierarchical structure
more rigid.
Historian A. L.
Basam in his book The Wonder That Was India (1954) has said that many
castes were rise and fall in last thousand years. Their position is not static.
#Must-Have-Book, find this book here at https://amzn.to/3igyQCC
Gloria Raheja (BOOK,
1988, The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a
North Indian Village #EXAM) argued that caste is originated by the ideas of dominant
caste (प्रà¤ुत्व
जाति) and Sanskritisation
which is given by the M. N. Srinivas.
BOOK Rudolph,
L. T. and S. H. Rudolf, 1969, The Modernity of Tradition:
Political Development in India #EXAM. >> The nature of caste and
tradition in India is not static, and it was not static in the history. Suzanne
and Lloyd Rudolf have done extensive work on this topic. #Must-Have-Book, find
this book here at https://amzn.to/3nITflb
257
The
Critics and Reformers of Caste
Through the
ages, individual and sects have challenged the right and justice of caste. Like
–
Buddha
– He invited everyone for his
Sangha, including everyone, can become Bhikhkhu (not Bhukshu, it is Bhikkhu)
including women and Chandals. He also welcomes who was considered a bad and
characterless man/women, because he believed that they need his lesions more than others
(i.e. those who are a good one)
Jian
– They have no caste system in
principle.
Mahanubhavs
– 14th-century unorthodox
sects in Maharashtra. They oppose the caste system but they pushed outside the
Maharashtra because of their radical thoughts.
Ramananda
– Opposed the caste system in
India.
Kabir
– Opposed the caste system in
India. He was a Bhakti Poet.
258
Ravidas
– He was poet legend of Bhakti
period. He makes clear that in the Bhakti religion there was equality, at least
on a spiritual plane.
Chokhamela
– was a poet from the untouchable
community of Maharashtra in 14th century. They could not
enter into the temple but they were part of a circle of devotees who accepted
them as devout equals. Chokharmela accepted his KARMA [of previous birth],
which makes him no longer a hero to today’s Untouchables, who deny KARMA [of
previous birth] as the determiner of caste.
|||>>>
>>> Clarification <<< |||
>>> Careful about Wording and Meaning <<< no one is untouchable in itself,
no one is saying the s/he is untouchable, no one should be untouchable too, no
one should be treated as untouchable, rather whenever we are using the
terminology of untouchable it simply means that the particular section of
society was/ is being treated as untouchable which was/is inhuman. The purpose
of using the terminology is only to put the facts. Not to humiliate anyone.
Those who are practising the untouchability is inhuman. For example, we must not
Address Dr Ambedkar as the untouchable leader and scholar as he was addressed by
the author of this article (Eleanor Zelliot, 2004, Caste in India Contemporary
India, pg. 252).
<<<|||
259
|||>>>
What is dindi
in Poetic Tradition of Maharashtra?
“Dindi”
is the form of Maharashtra Poem, in which they have couplets of 19 characters; this
poetic system is mainly found in the poem of Maharashtra. This should be also noted
that both Untouchable and Brahmin have their own dindis for their own
poet sants. Sometimes or in some case the form of dindi is different
for Brahmin and the untouchable sants and/or their poetic tradition.
<<<|||
Dnyanadeo
– Maharashtra
260
Basavanna
– Karnataka > encouraged
marriage between Brahmin and Untouchable
Tiruppan
Alvar - Encourage self
respect among the untouchable
Nandanar
- Encourage self-respect among the
untouchable
Jotirao
Phule (11.04.1827 –
28.12.1890) – Maharastra – founded Satyshodhak Samaj, wrote book Gulamgiri,
Kisan ka Koda, Etc
Savitribai
Bhule (03.01.1831 –
10.03.1897) was – Maharashtra,
#Read-About Savitribai Phule and her Contribution by H. L. DUsadh here
261
Dayanand
Saraswati (1824-1883) – Arya Samaj (Punjab, 1875)
Brahmo Samaj –
Bengal
Prarthna Samaj
– Bombay
E. V. Ramasami
Periyar, (17.09.1879, 24.12.1973) Karnataka, for him God, Caste, and Brahminism
is a triple chain of bondage
B. R. Ambedkar,
(14.04.1891 – 06.12.1956), (https://amzn.to/35JrG4N)
M. K. Gandhi, (02.10.1869
– 30.01.1948), He believes in “change of heart”
|||>>>
#DEBATE BETWEEN
Change
by Heart versus Change by Law/s
Law
Laws
<<<|||
262
Caste
in the Contemporary Period
BOOK Susan
Bayly, 1999, Caste, Society, and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century
to the Modern Age, in, The New Cambridge History of Indian Series, Cambridge
University Press, Vol. IV, No. 3
-
Caste in everyday life (#Higher-Study – study of everyday life is called ethnography and this the method is called ethnomethodology)
- Caste wars and the mandate of violence (#Higher-Study you may read -Identity and violence: The Illusion of Destiny, by Amartya Sen, https://amzn.to/3oROffh and "Life and Words – Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary" by Veena Das https://amzn.to/3qt4Ma3
263
Relation
Between Caste and Politics
K. R. Narayanan
become the first president from the Scheduled Caste in 1997
(He also served
as Indian Foreign Service and Vice-Chancellor of JNU, Delhi)
Author wants to
show the relationship between caste and politics. K. R. Narayanan was belongs
from the Scheduled Caste and their caste (group) is important for the electoral
numbers during voting.
Author didn’t
mention here that the Scheduled Caste become important for the election because
after 1990 ~~~~~~ many reasons the deprived sections of the society were
organized them politically. They have realized the importance of the political
participation.
Caste
Structure and their Claim in the Caste Hierarchy
Through the text, we have seen that in the Brahmin Verna-Ashram-Dharma the position of
Brahmin is higher. They are enjoying the highest status in society.
However, this is
interesting that no caste have ever claimed the status of Brahmin. In
Indian history no castes have every agitated or led movement to claim the
status of Brahmin.
For upward
mobility and enjoy higher status in the society everyone led the movement to claim
the status of Kshatriya, if any caste has ever interred into movement.
For example
Kunbis of Maratha of Maharashtra
Kayastha of Maratha of Maharashtra
Many castes across the country (however his article is
giving only two above examples)
Marwaris, are
basically from Marwar, Rajasthan who migrated all over India for trade and
business. These communities are very successful in the trade and business all
over India. Basically, they are trading community.
Marwaris are
very successful and powerful community but they too not claimed the Brahmin
status in the Hindu Social Order, they have only claimed the Vaishya Status.
(#Higher-Study
#BOOK Pandharinath H. Prabhu, 1954, Hindu Social Organization: A Study in
Socio-psychological and Ideological Foundations. #Bok https://amzn.to/38LWBPQ #Article https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol5_No1_2014_36_52.pdf )
Social
and Agricultural Structure of Rural India
What is Jajmani
System?
Jajman > who
needs the service > caste
What is
Balutedari System?
What is
similarity and difference between Jajmani and Balutedari?
(Patil, Balut)
263 (last
paragraph) -264 (first paragraph)
The kinship and
marriage system in the village have not been affected very much by modernity, such
as - marriage patterns are as same as it was that arranges the marriage, kinship
groups are still an essential social unit, marriage and funerals functions are
bringing far relationship together.
However, the a society with matrilineal (thus matriarchy) is slowly shifting towards patrilineal
(thus patriarchy). We can see these phenomenons in NE SI where matrilineal
social systems were prevailing (North Eastern States) and existing (South
India).
264
Caste has
responded to modernity in a number of ways –
(1) Sanskritisation (M. N. Srinivas)
with the hope of raising the social status
(2) Sanskritisation with economic
factors have worked successfully in society.
For example Shanars of Tamil Nadu – after rising
educationally and economically they rose to higher status and claimed the name
of Nadar.
(3) Change from Sanskritisation to
radical religious and political efforts
This has been documented
in Agra by Owen Lynch (1969)
Study of Jatavs of Agra
Jatavs are considered as
untouchable caste
However, Jatavs in 1920
were claimed to be Yadav and hence Kshatriya
But their claimed was
not sustained because of their profession of leather
Later on they were
joined the movement of Dr BR Ambedkar
(4) Social change brought to the
society by “affirmative action”
(i) Affirmative Action
for participation in politics or in election
Reservation
in Loksabha and Reservation in Vidhan Sabha (article 334)
Reservation in Local Body Election (by 73rd
and 74th amendment, 1992)
(ii) Jobs and Education
265
Political
Assertion by Deprived Section of the People especially by Dalits
Dr BR Ambedkar:
he formed three political parties from 1937
Among them the Republican Party
was a functional success in some parts of India
Dalit
Panthers: Militant
movement in Maharashtra (#Find-that-Book https://amzn.to/38KdFWE
)
Kanshi Ram:
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Mayawati Become four times CM from BSP
History
and the Importance of Reservation
Reservation
since 1935 for both Govt. Job and Education (Students + Teacher)
Reservation is
part of affirmative action in India.
The word
affirmative action is more popular in the USA than India
266
TIME-LINE: OBC
OBC = Other Backward Class (NOT OTHER
BACKWARD CASTE)
OBC got Reservation by Recommendation of
Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC),
Commission established on 1 January 1979
by the Janata Party Government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai
The mandate to "identify the socially
or educationally backward classes" of India
Headed by the late B. P. Mandal
The report had been completed in 1983
V.P. Singh government declared its
intent to notify the report in August 1990
Implemented 1991
Leading to widespread student protests
It was thereafter provided a temporary
stay order by the Supreme Court of India
But implemented in 1992 in the central
government for jobs in central government public sector undertakings
The primary objective that the Mandal
Commission had in India was to identify the conditions regarding social and
educational backward classes to consider the question of reservations of seats
and quotas.
266
CORRECT
THE FACT (Caste in Contemporary India, Eleanor Zelliot, 2004: 266)
This is
factually wrong that 50% reservation cap was imposed by the Indian Constitution.
The Correct fact is that the 50% reservation cap was imposed by the Supreme
Court of India on 16 November 1992 by its judgement of “Indra Sawhney Etc. vs.
Union of India And Others” case.
It
seems that author have misinformed or didn’t pay attention to these facts.
#Read-the-Original-Text of Judgement
here – https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/
|||>>>
The reservation system, the continuing the stimulus of the figure of Ambedkar, and the politicization of the lower classes
have all encourage Dalits to claim rights and dignity (Narula, 199).
<<<|||
Bothe race and caste are inhuman
and are against human dignity.
Indian Constitution is guaranteeing the
Fundamental Rights to everyone in India.
The fundamental rights are available to
everyone in India including the foreigners, except voting rights. Fundamental
Rights are discussed in the Indian Constitution in Part III, from Article 12 to
Article 35.
Read article 15 (i), please find it on
page No. 266-267.
267
Article 17, please find it on the page No.
267,
Word Conference Against Racism,
2001, Durban, South Africa
Demands
of Dalit Community from India
Position
of Government of India on demands of Dalit
268
Caste vote bank – caste directory –
caste association
Caste is both local and global
Caste is both rigid and elastic
The positive side of caste in India
Caste is making
Civil society
Social
security – Karani Sena – Private Army >
Rna
Social/
community welfare >> business >>
Symbiotic
spaces
Redefine the politics and world view
(after Mandal > Mandalism)
Give new meaning
of politics after Dalit entered into the politics – BSP
ST
and SC was given reservation in Govt Jobs and Educational Institutions since
1947, at both state and national level services and educational institutions
OBC got reservation
in Govt jobs from 1992 in the central jobs
OBC got reservation
in higher Education Institutions from 2006 in central institutions
The
ST and SC are also facing discrimination in the higher education institutions,
which can be found as a poof in the Thorat Committee Report
#Report Original https://drive.google.com/file/d/14iCbKYjUFIt5_wOng09ESdxbkmfGKs9p/
#Report Article in EPW https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9UjLzwvUoJpa_wQjszxsctvR8RZWs66/
Nirbhaya Caste > Lawyer – Seema
Samruddhi
Some Extra Knowledge
Origin of
Religion
Totam > Symbol > Sacred and Profane > Emile Durkheim
(The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, 1912)
Purity and
Pollution > Determine the caste Hierarchy in India
Theory of Purity and Pollution has given by
Louis Dumont, Book- Homo Hierarchicus (1966)
The caste hierarchy on the basis of
purity and pollution is
Maintained by the Endogamy Marriage System
Therefore
Purity and pollution – Sacred and Profane – Endogamy Marriage are not the same
However, endogamy marriage system is
only important to maintain the caste hierarchy through the caste or blood
purity
Stay Social ~ Stay Connected
Lecture, Study Material, and More
Keep Visiting ~ Stay Curious
Navneet Shanu from Pexels
Creator ID: https://www.pexels.com/@navneet-shanu-202773
Image ID: https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-carriage-wheel-672630/
Clicked: October 13, 2016
0 Comments