Caste in Contemporary India, By Eleanor Zelliot, in, Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice by Robert Rinehart

Konark


Lecture and Explanation: Caste in Contemporary India, By Eleanor Zelliot, 2004

Keywords: Graded Inequality, Dindi, Jajmani System, Caste System, Varna System, Purity and Pollution, Endogamy 

University of Delhi
Bachelor of Arts
Sociology of India

Reading to be Covered: Zelliot, Eleanor, 2004, Caste in Contemporary India, in, Robert Rinehart (ed.) Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, pp. 243-271

243

Caste system found among all religions in India, including religion in which the caste system is not sanctioned by the scripture/ text, like Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, etc.

Only tribal people are totally outside the system. The tribal people are outside the caste system because they were not part of the Hindu social order. The tribal of India is mainly worshipping the nature and ancestor, not the god and the goddess.

The caste system is graded inequality with a varied but distinct hierarchy wherever it exists. Therefore Dr Ambedkar has said that “caste is not the division of labour this is a division of labourer”.

#Understand Labour and Caste by Ambedkar
www.studywithanil.blogspot.com/2020/08/Celebrating-Labour-Day-with-Dr-Ambedkar.html 

What is Graded Inequality? View of Dr Ambedkar

Credit: Understanding Graded Inequality of HinduCaste System – Dr Ambedkar’s View | Velivada

Ambedkar differentiates between inequality and graded inequality of the kind, we have in India due to the caste system. Examples of inequality is – inequality or slavery faced by the black people in the USA, South Africa, etc against which the sufferers of inequality, black people, have revolted against their oppressors and exploiters.

Graded inequality is entirely found only in the Indian subcontinent and it is the product of the caste system. The very important characteristic of Graded inequality which differentiates it from pure inequality is – graded inequality divides the sufferers themselves based on unequal burden and benefits.

That means under graded inequality, the middle castes (Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) are sufferers on one hand and beneficiaries on the other hand of the graded inequality i.e. caste system. Benefits and burden being unequal from caste to caste. It is only the highest caste of Brahmins who is the absolute beneficiary and the lowest castes of Ati-Shudras i.e. untouchables are absolute sufferers of graded inequality. Graded inequality is entirely found only in the Indian subcontinent and it is the product of the caste system.

Origin of the Caste - According to the Classical Text of Brahmin – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra took birth from different parts of the body of Brahmaa.

The caste system is an integral part of the Varna-Ashram-Dharma, where first three Varna is allowed to initiation ritual (Jeneu Dharan) which makes them twice-born.

However, the meaning of Varna is “colour” and “covering” (?)

244

Lawbook Manusmriti by Manu has talked about punishments and obligations were specific to each Verna to control behaviour, to deal with caste relations, and to make clear the scale of purity and pollution on which the hierarchy was based.

The classical Hindu texts assigned totally subordinate roles to the women.

The classical Hindu texts assigned only one role to the Shudra that serves to the highest Varna. Manusmriti, (1:91) says “The Lord assigned only one activity to a Shudras, serving the highest Vernas.”

The Shudra and Women were not allowed to recite the Vedas. And if Shudra found to listening to the Veda then the melted lead should be filled in his ears. They can also be punished in other ways if they found to listening Veda and Sanskrit text, For example, Lord Rama killed Shambuk because he found performing Tapasya and reading Vedas.

The classical Brahminical texts also offer an explanation for one’s birth in a certain caste. This means that the current birth of the person is the result of the Punya or Pap of the previous birth.

244-245

Duties of twice-born caste

Meaning of the Twice Born

Gautama Sutra – Caste and Job

Crime and Punishment was different according to the identity of the criminal and victim

Origin of Chandal

Law Book and their Impact on the Society

(All above things were explained in the class, however, if you have any doubt or question or difficult to understand, please feel free to ask, in the class, or via Email of by commenting in the comment section, available at the end of the article.)

246

Life of a cow was (and still) more important than the life of an untouchable. Many people belong from the Scheduled Caste were killed in the name of the cow.

Manu and Ramayana was from same period > Ram killed Shambuk according the rule book of Manu > think that what was his crime?

The Varna system itself is still an image of human organization that is the subject of belief, disbelief. > it receives sanction from Gita.

247

Gandhi’s devotion to the Gita may be the reason for his belief in the Varna system.

Varna system is also reflecting in today’s ritual and religious ceremony

Varna and Jati

Fourfold Varma System is Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra

The Caste System is different from the Varna System. Every Varna has many castes which are associated with the particular occupations, and the caste the system is maintained by the endogamy.

The true meaning of Shudra is artisan class those who have some special skills. Currently, they are counted and recognized as Other Backward Class (OBC).

The current Scheduled Caste was found under the Panchama or Antyaj, and largely they were not part of the Hindu Social Order but for some author they were also part of the Hindu Social Order.

This is the reason that Dr Ambedkar has said that “I am not part of the part, I am part of apart.”

Therefore Jyotiba Phule use to say Shudra and Ati Shudar who are current OBCs and SCs.

But the Varna system does not work even as a rough outline of caste all over India today. The caste is more revelling than the Varna system.

The twice-born cast probably no more than 15 per cent of the population, and the great majority of people are Shudra, Untouchable, Tribals, Muslim, Sikh, Jains, Christens, Buddhist etc. Thus they have more political power because they have more in number

248

How Jati is defined?

The real unit of caste is the Jati and some 4,000 jatis in India. They are roughly grouped in the Varna scheme. A Jati is usually found in one language area and is defined by endogamy. Indian caste system and structure are different in different parts of the country where social structures are different from other parts of the country.

The Jatis of Maharashtra

In the west-central state of Maharashtra, the three-fold division of caste holds: Brahmin, Shudra, Untouchable is existing. Here the dominant caste is Chitapavan Brahmins = “pure from the pyre” or “pure in heart”. According to the myth – God Parshuram created the Brahmin caste. The physical appearance of the Chitapavan Brahmin is speculated that they were originated from Turks, Iranians, Egyptians, Greeks, Jews, Berbers

249

Why Chitpavan Brahmin Success? OR Secrete of the success of the Chitpavan?

            Took advantage of modern English Education during British Raj

            Accepted modern occupation

            Accepted modern trade, business and commerce

            They never interred into the priest as an occupation

            Went USA and Europe for the Modern Education

            Also migrated and have link with their Diaspora

2nd Type of Brahmin Caste in Maharashtra is in Marathi Speaking area > Deshastha Brahmin > means > who come from the another parts of the India > mainly they come from the Karnataka

They are divided into two kinds of Brahmin

Rigvedi Brahmin > Follow God Shiva

Yajurvedi Brahmin > Follow God Vishnu

            Both can eat together but have no marital relationship

Largest caste group in Maharashtra is Maratha, who consisting around 50% of the population. They are landlords, farmers, cultivators, soldiers, etc. Because the numerical superior so they are very active and success in the politics. But after a Maharashtrian Brahmin assassinated Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Brahmin power declines, and Maratha dominated in the politics until recently.

250

History of Shivaji

Maratha were chieftains and warriors. In 17th century Shivaji has created a unified territory of Maratha. Shivaji died in 1680

Artisan and Service Caste

They can be found in any classification in the Maharashtra except Brahmin and in Shudra. They paid very little attention to the Varna system and no one says that s/he is a Shudra.

Ex-Untouchables in Maharashtra

Outside the Varna system they have the caste hierarchy. The largest group of Scheduled Caste is Mahar who consists 9% of the total population. Most of them are following the Ambedkar.

Article 17 of Indian Constitution

251

Now, no caste is fighting for the highest caste status in the society. Everyone is fighting for the Respect.

(YOU MAY REMEMBER THE SELF RESPECT MOVEMENT – in TAMIL NADU – by PERIYAR)

#Read-Book on Periyar, Edited by Pramod Ranjan to understand these phenomenon in better way from here – https://amzn.to/35JxP12 and https://amzn.to/3iizaRx

Many caste also adopted a Sanskritised Name or identity of their ancestral history to get respect in the society, for example –

The Chambhars have adopted the new Sanskritised Name Chamarkars in Maharashtra.

The Bhangi have adopted a new Sanskritised Name Valmiki.

Please also note that Chettiyars a trader caste were consider as Shudra in the caste hierarchy.

And interestingly, all Brahmin caste in Maharashtra is not a priest, they are not doing priest job.

And after all in Maharashtra, not “servants of all” and just as clearly not all Brahmin caste are priestly. The complexity of the Maharashtrian scene can be duplicated in every area in India.

251-252

Origin of the untouchables

This is says that the untouchables were either part of the Aryan Brahmin OR they brought with them as a servant in India. The three fold system can be found in the classical Greece.

252

The Theories of Caste

There are many theories of caste are existing, that how caste was originated? What was the reason of origin of the caste? But no any theory is acceptable for all. Such as-

Theory of Race by H. H. Risley, (Book: The People of India, 1908) for him, Aryan race is different from the people who lived in India. It means they come from outside.

Theories of Purity and Pollution by Louis Dumont, (Book: Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, Originally Published in French in 1996, English Edition 1980) for him India have caste hierarchy because of practice of purity and pollution. Emile Durkheim - Modern father of Sociology

Hierarchy and Endogamy by Dr. BR Ambedkar, for him somehow accepted the Brahmical pollution and purity ideas > which insist on marriage within the group ~ called endogamy > for Ambedkar other groups copied the Brahmin’s endogamy and > ranked hierarchically according to degree of pollution.

OBJECTION: THE WRITER MUST NOT SAY OR CALLED AMBEDKAR BY “UNTOUCHABLE LEADER.” HE WAS LEADER OF THE NATION. (Listen YouTube Link)

Social Transformation, for some scholars this is social transformation, > caste were formed when tribal groups entered mainstream society, > clan > become class > or caste based on access to economic resources.

Theory of Taboo, and Theory of Patriarchy is also another theory of the caste.

#Read Karl Marx, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. #Find-Book-Here https://amzn.to/39yIRXX

Racial Theory:

This was given by the William Jones, who found that the Aryan people are fair in colour and their Sanskrit language of the Veda was related closely to Greek and Latin.

253

The meaning of Aryans means pure or noble. Here by pure they mean the purity of the blood. And the concept of the purity of blood was reason for endogamy which was responsible for the caste system in India. Endogamy is essential and core part of the caste system.

Endogamy was not essential part of the India. We had and still have system of prohibiting marriage within Gotra. Hope you know the Khap system in India. Which prevent marriage within the Gotra.

Historian RS Sharma has says that at the later Vedic times sudra constituted a small servile (slavishness) class of defeated and dispossessed Aryans and non-Aryans employed in domestic labour.

CLIRIFICATION: FOR MOST OF THE HISTORIAN, THERE WAS NO VEDIC ERA AT ALL. THIS IS MYTH AND IMAGINORY THING.

The author is saying that the Indo-European (Aryan) and Dravidian are both terms of language not race.

OBJECTION AND CLARIFICATION: in India language and community (identities) are interlinked. Different communities and castes have their own language. e.g. the name of the tribal community and their language is same. The language belong form the particular community. Even all European countries are divided into their distinct different identity and these identities have heir different language. Hence author’s perception is not acceptable.

Where did untouchable come from?

They are result of the solid hierarchal caste systems which was emerged during the 4th century. The main reason was endogamy and those who married out of their community were out-casted or throw out of the village. Their children were not given status of either mother or father than they were called Chandals. And they started doing polluted work.

And later on the term Avarna (without colour), or Panchama, (fifth one), Asprishya (not to be touch/ untouchable) were emerged for them.

254

The Nature of Caste

Some work has made great impact on thinking of caste system in India.

BOOK BY Louis Dumont, 1966, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications

He seen caste from textual and Brahmnical point of view and ignored the historical facts

BOOK BY Declan Quigley, 1993, The Interpretation of Caste (Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology)

Declan Quigley opposed the idea of origin of caste by Louis Dumont.

Declan Quigley has said the main reason of the origin of caste is-

Tension between the forces of kingship and the forces of kinship, which combined create order in society

Which means caste is originated from or based on access to economic resources, social power and division of labour. Emile Durkheim

#Find-Book by Louis Dumont, 1966, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, here at https://amzn.to/39A3D9M

255

BOOK Dipankar Gupta, 1993, Social Stratification (#Must-Read-Book find this here at https://amzn.to/3nTSIgo )

Critic of GW Ghurye, McKim Marriot, TN Madan, Andre Beteille are represented in Dipankar Gupta’s Social Stratification

BOOK Nicholas Dirk, 2001, Caste of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Link) (UPSC)

For Nicholas Dirk, kinship system is more responsible for the caste system than the Brahmin.

REMEMBER Ambedkar has also said same thing in his article Genesis of Caste (Share Link) 1906

Nicholas Dirk has further said the caste was solidified during the British Period, because British wanted to categorized and control their subject.

In the census British classified and listed caste name in hierarchical order.

British also advertised some post and appeal to those who doing that work hereditary. (MENTIONED IN 256)

H. H. Risley, in his People of India (1908) presented comprehensive categorization of Indian people into SEVEN RACES and RACIAL combinations.

The Caste and Tribe volumes discussed in detail the origin of caste, racial influence, and influence of occupation and religion, birth, marriage and death ceremonies, endogamous units, and so on for each of thousands of castes.

256

Hence we can say that the British certainly did not “create caste” but they most probably solidified the nature of the various castes and made the hierarchical structure more rigid.

Historian A. L. Basam in his book The Wonder That Was India (1954) has said that many castes were rise and fall in last thousand years. Their position is not static. #Must-Have-Book, find this book here at https://amzn.to/3igyQCC

Gloria Raheja (BOOK, 1988, The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village #EXAM) argued that caste is originated by the ideas of dominant caste (प्रभुत्व जाति) and Sanskritisation which is given by the M. N. Srinivas.

BOOK Rudolph, L. T. and S. H. Rudolf, 1969, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India #EXAM. >> The nature of caste and tradition in India is not static, and it was not static in the history. Suzanne and Lloyd Rudolf have done extensive work on this topic. #Must-Have-Book, find this book here at https://amzn.to/3nITflb

257

The Critics and Reformers of Caste

Through the ages, individual and sects have challenged the right and justice of caste. Like –

Buddha – He invited everyone for his Sangha, including everyone, can become Bhikhkhu (not Bhukshu, it is Bhikkhu) including women and Chandals. He also welcomes who was considered a bad and characterless man/women, because he believed  that they need his lesions more than others (i.e. those who are a good one)

Jian – They have no caste system in principle.

Mahanubhavs – 14th-century unorthodox sects in Maharashtra. They oppose the caste system but they pushed outside the Maharashtra because of their radical thoughts.

Ramananda – Opposed the caste system in India.

Kabir – Opposed the caste system in India. He was a Bhakti Poet.

258

Ravidas – He was poet legend of Bhakti period. He makes clear that in the Bhakti religion there was equality, at least on a spiritual plane.

Chokhamela – was a poet from the untouchable community of Maharashtra in 14th century. They could not enter into the temple but they were part of a circle of devotees who accepted them as devout equals. Chokharmela accepted his KARMA [of previous birth], which makes him no longer a hero to today’s Untouchables, who deny KARMA [of previous birth] as the determiner of caste.

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>>> Clarification <<< ||| >>> Careful about Wording and Meaning <<< no one is untouchable in itself, no one is saying the s/he is untouchable, no one should be untouchable too, no one should be treated as untouchable, rather whenever we are using the terminology of untouchable it simply means that the particular section of society was/ is being treated as untouchable which was/is inhuman. The purpose of using the terminology is only to put the facts. Not to humiliate anyone. Those who are practising the untouchability is inhuman. For example, we must not Address Dr Ambedkar as the untouchable leader and scholar as he was addressed by the author of this article (Eleanor Zelliot, 2004, Caste in India Contemporary India, pg. 252).

<<<|||

259

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What is dindi in Poetic Tradition of Maharashtra?

Dindi” is the form of Maharashtra Poem, in which they have couplets of 19 characters; this poetic system is mainly found in the poem of Maharashtra. This should be also noted that both Untouchable and Brahmin have their own dindis for their own poet sants. Sometimes or in some case the form of dindi is different for Brahmin and the untouchable sants and/or their poetic tradition.

<<<|||

Dnyanadeo – Maharashtra

260

Basavanna – Karnataka > encouraged marriage between Brahmin and Untouchable

Tiruppan Alvar - Encourage self respect among the untouchable

Nandanar - Encourage self-respect among the untouchable

Jotirao Phule (11.04.1827 – 28.12.1890) – Maharastra – founded Satyshodhak Samaj, wrote book Gulamgiri, Kisan ka Koda, Etc

Savitribai Bhule (03.01.1831 – 10.03.1897) was – Maharashtra,

#Read-About Savitribai Phule and her Contribution by H. L. DUsadh here 

www.studywithanil.blogspot.com/2021/01/Celebrating-Teachers-Day-on-the-Occasion-of-Birthday-of-Savitribai-Phule-H-L-Dusadh.html 

261

Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) – Arya Samaj (Punjab, 1875)

Brahmo Samaj – Bengal

Prarthna Samaj – Bombay

E. V. Ramasami Periyar, (17.09.1879, 24.12.1973) Karnataka, for him God, Caste, and Brahminism is a triple chain of bondage

B. R. Ambedkar, (14.04.1891 – 06.12.1956), (https://amzn.to/35JrG4N)

M. K. Gandhi, (02.10.1869 – 30.01.1948), He believes in “change of heart”

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#DEBATE BETWEEN

Change by Heart versus Change by Law/s

Law

Laws

<<<||| 

262

Caste in the Contemporary Period

BOOK Susan Bayly, 1999, Caste, Society, and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, in, The New Cambridge History of Indian Series, Cambridge University Press, Vol. IV, No. 3

-         Caste in everyday life (#Higher-Study – study of everyday life is called ethnography and this the method is called ethnomethodology)

-         Caste wars and the mandate of violence  (#Higher-Study you may read -Identity and violence: The Illusion of Destiny, by Amartya Sen, https://amzn.to/3oROffh  and "Life and Words – Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary" by Veena Das https://amzn.to/3qt4Ma3 

263

Relation Between Caste and Politics

K. R. Narayanan become the first president from the Scheduled Caste in 1997

(He also served as Indian Foreign Service and Vice-Chancellor of JNU, Delhi)

Author wants to show the relationship between caste and politics. K. R. Narayanan was belongs from the Scheduled Caste and their caste (group) is important for the electoral numbers during voting.

Author didn’t mention here that the Scheduled Caste become important for the election because after 1990 ~~~~~~ many reasons the deprived sections of the society were organized them politically. They have realized the importance of the political participation.

Caste Structure and their Claim in the Caste Hierarchy

Through the text, we have seen that in the Brahmin Verna-Ashram-Dharma the position of Brahmin is higher. They are enjoying the highest status in society.

However, this is interesting that no caste have ever claimed the status of Brahmin. In Indian history no castes have every agitated or led movement to claim the status of Brahmin.

For upward mobility and enjoy higher status in the society everyone led the movement to claim the status of Kshatriya, if any caste has ever interred into movement.

For example

Kunbis of Maratha of Maharashtra

Kayastha of Maratha of Maharashtra

Many castes across the country (however his article is giving only two above examples)

Marwaris, are basically from Marwar, Rajasthan who migrated all over India for trade and business. These communities are very successful in the trade and business all over India. Basically, they are trading community.

Marwaris are very successful and powerful community but they too not claimed the Brahmin status in the Hindu Social Order, they have only claimed the Vaishya Status.

(#Higher-Study #BOOK Pandharinath H. Prabhu, 1954, Hindu Social Organization: A Study in Socio-psychological and Ideological Foundations. #Bok https://amzn.to/38LWBPQ #Article https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol5_No1_2014_36_52.pdf )

Social and Agricultural Structure of Rural India

What is Jajmani System?

Jajman > who needs the service > caste

What is Balutedari System?

What is similarity and difference between Jajmani and Balutedari?

(Patil, Balut)

263 (last paragraph) -264 (first paragraph)

The kinship and marriage system in the village have not been affected very much by modernity, such as - marriage patterns are as same as it was that arranges the marriage, kinship groups are still an essential social unit, marriage and funerals functions are bringing far relationship together.

However, the a society with matrilineal (thus matriarchy) is slowly shifting towards patrilineal (thus patriarchy). We can see these phenomenons in NE SI where matrilineal social systems were prevailing (North Eastern States) and existing (South India).

264

Caste has responded to modernity in a number of ways –

            (1) Sanskritisation (M. N. Srinivas) with the hope of raising the social status

            (2) Sanskritisation with economic factors have worked successfully in society.

For example Shanars of Tamil Nadu – after rising educationally and economically they rose to higher status and claimed the name of Nadar.

            (3) Change from Sanskritisation to radical religious and political efforts

                        This has been documented in Agra by Owen Lynch (1969)

                        Study of Jatavs of Agra

                        Jatavs are considered as untouchable caste

                        However, Jatavs in 1920 were claimed to be Yadav and hence Kshatriya

                        But their claimed was not sustained because of their profession of leather

                        Later on they were joined the movement of Dr BR Ambedkar

            (4) Social change brought to the society by “affirmative action”

                        (i) Affirmative Action for participation in politics or in election

                                    Reservation in Loksabha and Reservation in Vidhan Sabha (article 334)

Reservation in Local Body Election (by 73rd and 74th amendment, 1992)

                        (ii) Jobs and Education

265

Political Assertion by Deprived Section of the People especially by Dalits

Dr BR Ambedkar: he formed three political parties from 1937

            Among them the Republican Party was a functional success in some parts of India

Dalit Panthers: Militant movement in Maharashtra (#Find-that-Book https://amzn.to/38KdFWE )

Kanshi Ram: Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Mayawati Become four times CM from BSP

History and the Importance of Reservation

Reservation since 1935 for both Govt. Job and Education (Students + Teacher)

Reservation is part of affirmative action in India.

The word affirmative action is more popular in the USA than India

266

TIME-LINE: OBC

OBC = Other Backward Class (NOT OTHER BACKWARD CASTE)

OBC got Reservation by Recommendation of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), 

Commission established on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party Government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai

The mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of India

Headed by the late B. P. Mandal

The report had been completed in 1983

V.P. Singh government declared its intent to notify the report in August 1990

Implemented 1991

Leading to widespread student protests

It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme Court of India

But implemented in 1992 in the central government for jobs in central government public sector undertakings

The primary objective that the Mandal Commission had in India was to identify the conditions regarding social and educational backward classes to consider the question of reservations of seats and quotas.

266

CORRECT THE FACT (Caste in Contemporary India, Eleanor Zelliot, 2004: 266)

This is factually wrong that 50% reservation cap was imposed by the Indian Constitution. The Correct fact is that the 50% reservation cap was imposed by the Supreme Court of India on 16 November 1992 by its judgement of “Indra Sawhney Etc. vs. Union of India And Others” case.

It seems that author have misinformed or didn’t pay attention to these facts.

#Read-the-Original-Text of Judgement here – https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/

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The reservation system, the continuing the stimulus of the figure of Ambedkar, and the politicization of the lower classes have all encourage Dalits to claim rights and dignity (Narula, 199).

<<<|||

Bothe race and caste are inhuman and are against human dignity.

Indian Constitution is guaranteeing the Fundamental Rights to everyone in India.

The fundamental rights are available to everyone in India including the foreigners, except voting rights. Fundamental Rights are discussed in the Indian Constitution in Part III, from Article 12 to Article 35.    

Read article 15 (i), please find it on page No. 266-267.

267

Article 17, please find it on the page No. 267,

Word Conference Against Racism, 2001, Durban, South Africa

            Demands of Dalit Community from India

            Position of Government of India on demands of Dalit

268

Caste vote bank – caste directory – caste association

Caste is both local and global

Caste is both rigid and elastic

The positive side of caste in India

Caste is making Civil society

            Social security – Karani Sena – Private Army >  Rna

            Social/ community welfare >> business >>

            Symbiotic spaces

Redefine the politics and world view (after Mandal > Mandalism)

Give new meaning of politics after Dalit entered into the politics – BSP

            ST and SC was given reservation in Govt Jobs and Educational Institutions since 1947, at both state and national level services and educational institutions

OBC got reservation in Govt jobs from 1992 in the central jobs

OBC got reservation in higher Education Institutions from 2006 in central institutions

            The ST and SC are also facing discrimination in the higher education institutions, which can be found as a poof in the Thorat Committee Report

#Report Original https://drive.google.com/file/d/14iCbKYjUFIt5_wOng09ESdxbkmfGKs9p/  

#Report Article in EPW https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9UjLzwvUoJpa_wQjszxsctvR8RZWs66/

Nirbhaya Caste > Lawyer – Seema Samruddhi

Some Extra Knowledge

Origin of Religion
Totam > Symbol > Sacred and Profane > Emile Durkheim
(The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, 1912)

Purity and Pollution > Determine the caste Hierarchy in India
Theory of Purity and Pollution has given by
Louis Dumont, Book- Homo Hierarchicus (1966)

The caste hierarchy on the basis of purity and pollution is
Maintained by the Endogamy Marriage System

Therefore
Purity and pollution – Sacred and Profane – Endogamy Marriage are not the same

However, endogamy marriage system is only important to maintain the caste hierarchy through the caste or blood purity 



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